高级英语句法【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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Introduction1

PART ONE SYNTAX AS A LINGUISTIC SYSTEM4

Chapter 1 Sentence Elements vs. Word Classes4

1.1 Sentence Elements4

1.1.1 Subject and predicate4

1.1.2 SPOCAd5

1.1.3 Element realization types14

1.2 Word Classes16

1.2.1 Nouns19

1.2.2 Verbs28

1.2.3 Adjectives36

1.2.5 Determiners38

1.2.4 Adverbs38

1.3 Element Order43

1.3.1 Inverted word order43

1.3.2 Word order within the noun phrase47

1.3.3 Position and sequence of the adverbials50

Chapter 2 Sentence Structures56

2.1 The Nature of English Sentence(1)：SP Construction56

2.2 Operator，Auxiliary，and Predication58

2.3 Sentence Constituents or Elements59

2.3.1 Complements and objects60

2.3.2 Phrases60

2.3.3 Clauses68

2.4 Sentence Types73

2.4.1 Sentence types(1)：complete and incomplete73

2.4.2 Sentence types(2)：major and minor74

2.4.3 Sentence types(3)：declarative，interrogative，imperative，and exclamatory81

2.4.4 Sentence types(4)：statements，questions，directives，and exclamations82

2.4.5 Sentence types(5)：loose，periodic，and balanced83

2.4.6 Sentence types(6)：regular and irregular84

2.4.7 Sentence types(7)：active and passive88

2.5 The Nature of English Sentence(2)：SP Embedment，Full or Partial90

2.5.1 Classification of embedded sentences93

2.5.2 Analysis of embedded sentences94

Chapter 3 Sentence Patterns102

3.1 Patterns Introduced by There[Unstressed]106

3.2 Patterns Containing“S+Lv+Cs”110

3.3 Intransitive Verb Patterns113

3.4 Patterns Containing“S+Vi+Cs”113

3.5 Patterns Containing Complex Subjects116

3.6 Patterns Containing“SPO”117

3.7 Patterns Containing“SPOiOd”122

3.8 Patterns Containing“SPOCo”124

3.9 Patterns Containing Continuous Tenses and Future Forms128

3.10 Some Important Patterns Containing Modal Verbs130

3.11 Adjective Patterns132

3.12 Patterns Introduced by It136

3.13 Patterns of Co-ordination143

3.14 Patterns Containing Attributive Postmodifiers147

3.15 Patterns Containing Restrictive Attributive Clauses149

3.16 Relative Clause as Attribute150

3.17 Relative Clause as Adverbial or Co-ordinate Clause151

3.18 Patterns Containing Appositive That-clauses153

3.19 Patterns Containing What-clauses155

3.20 Patterns Containing Wh-ever-words156

3.21 Patterns Containing Adverbial Clauses or Adverbial Phrases157

3.22 More Structures Containing Adverbial Phrases176

3.23 Patterns Containing Disjuncts181

3.24 Patterns Containing Conjuncts183

3.25 Imperative Sentence Patterns185

3.26 Exclamatory Sentence Patterns186

3.27 Inversion and Emphatic Sentence Patterns187

3.28 Elliptical Sentence Patterns192

3.29 Phrasal Captions to Pictures194

3.30 Block Language197

Appendix：A Hundred Typical Questions199

4.1.1 Changing a declarative sentence205

4.1 Direct Speech to Indirect Speech，and Vice Versa205

Chapter 4 Pattern Transformation205

4.1.2 Changing an interrogative sentence208

4.1.3 Changing an imperative sentence209

4.1.4 Changing an exclamatory sentence209

4.2 Combining Simple Sentences into a Simple Sentence210

4.2.1 Using prepositional phrases，with a noun or gerund as its object210

4.2.2 Using participles210

4.2.3 Using participles in the absolute construction211

4.2.4 Using infinitives211

4.2.5 Using nouns in apposition211

4.2.6 Using conjunctions212

4.3 Combining Simple Sentences into a Compound Sentence by Using Conjunctions212

4.4.3 Using a complex sentence with an adverbial clause213

4.4.2 Using a complex sentence with a relative clause213

4.4 Combining Simple Sentences into a Complex Sentence or Mixed Sentence213

4.4.1 Using a complex sentence with a noun clause213

4.4.4 Combining simple sentences into a mixed sentence214

4.5 Transforming a Simple Sentence into a Compound Sentence，or Vice Versa214

4.5.1 Expanding a participle phrase214

4.5.2 Expanding a prepositional construction214

4.5.3 Expanding an infinitive phrase into a clause215

4.6 Transforming a Simple Sentence into a Complex Sentence216

4.6.1 Expanding a noun or a noun equivalent into a noun clause216

4.6.2 Expanding an adjective or an adjective phrase into a relative clause217

4.6.3 Expanding an adverbial phrase into an adverbial clause218

4.7.1 Using an adverbial clause219

4.7.2 Using a relative clause219

4.7 Transforming a Compound Sentence into a Complex Sentence219

4.7.3 Using a noun clause220

4.8 Transforming a Complex Sentence into a Compound Sentence by Using Conjunctions220

4.9 Transforming Two Simple Sentences or a Compound Sentence or a Complex Sentence into a Simple Sentence by Using Nominalization221

PART TWO SYNTAX AS THE PIVOT OF LANGUAGE CATEGORIES223

Chapter 5 Syntax and Phonology223

5.1 Introduction223

5.1.1 Syllable and stress223

5.1.2 Tone and intonation224

5.2 Stress225

5.3 Rhythm226

5.4 Intonation227

5.4.1 The five tones227

5.4.2 Intonation229

5.4.3 Syntactic functions of intonation230

5.5 Tone Unit234

5.5.1 Division of tone units234

5.5.2 Structure of the tone unit235

5.6 Choice of the Nucleus236

5.6.1 Contrastive focus237

5.6.2 Given and new information239

5.6.3 Changes of word order affecting the choice of the nucleus240

5.7 Intonation Patterns of Various Types of Sentences244

5.7.1 Neutral intonation patterns245

5.7.2 Intonation patterns according to the speaker’s attitude248

6.1 Free Phrases252

Chapter 6 Syntax and Vocabulary252

6.1.1 Noun phrases253

6.1.2 Adjective phrases and the sequence of attributive adjectives255

6.2 Conventionalized Compound Phrases256

6.2.1 Noun compounds257

6.2.2 Adjective compounds258

6.3 Collocations259

6.3.1 Collocations with a noun head260

6.3.2 Collocations with a verb head—verb+preposition/prepositional phrase265

6.3.3 Collocations with an adjective head—adjective+ preposition267

6.4 Set Expressions268

6.4.1 Poly words269

6.4.2 Institutional expressions270

6.4.3 Phrasal constraints270

6.4.4 Sentence builders271

6.5 Idioms272

6.5.1 Adjective+noun272

6.5.2 Noun+prepositional phrase273

6.5.3 Verb+noun275

6.5.4 Phrasal verbs276

6.5.5 Verb+prepositional phrase280

6.5.6 Adjective+prepositional phrase281

6.5.7 Prepositional phrases282

Chapter 7 Syntax and Discourse284

7.1 Introduction284

7.2 Grammatical Devices290

7.2.1 Time and place definers290

7.2.2 Logical connectors294

7.2.3 Ellipsis308

7.2.4 Parallelism310

7.2.5 Reference312

7.2.6 Substitution316

7.3 Lexical Cohesion318

7.3.1 Reiteration319

7.3.2 Collocation320

7.4 Thematic and Information Structures321

7.4.1 Thematic progression322

7.4.2 Information structure324

PART THREE SYNTAX IN ACTON326

Chapter 8 Syntax and Stylistic Effects326

8.1 Sentence Complexity327

8.1.1 Minor sentences327

8.1.2 Major sentences：simple and multiple sentences330

8.2 Sentence Length337

8.2.1 Short sentences337

8.2.2 Long sentences342

8.2.3 Variations of sentence length347

8.3 Periodic and Loose Sentences349

8.3.1 Periodic sentences350

8.3.2 Loose sentences352

8.4 Elliptical Sentences355

8.5 Active and Passive Sentences358

8.6 Word Order，Emphasis，Cohesion and Balance362

8.6.1 End-focus and end-weight362

8.6.2 Fronting and postponement364

8.6.3 Repetition368

8.6.4 Syntactic schemes of balance：parallelism，antithesis and symmetry373

8.7 Flexibility of Sentence Management380

Chapter 9 Syntax and Translation382

9.1 Sentence-for-sentence Translation382

9.2 The Core and Subordination of a Sentence385

9.2.1 From Chinese into English386

9.2.2 From English into Chinese387

9.3 The Form，Function and Position of Subordinate Elements388

9.3.1 The form and function of subordinate elements388

9.3.2 Position of the subordinate elements389

9.4 Comparison between Major English and Chinese Sentence Structures392

9.4.1 Differences in word order between English and Chinese393

9.4.2 “Subject”vs.“Topic”395

9.5.1 Division397

9.5 Division or Combination397

9.5.2 Combination399

9.6 Amplification or Reduction401

9.6.1 Amplification401

9.6.2 Reduction404

9.7 Affirmative or Negative Approach406

9.7.1 Affirmative expressions rendered into negative expressions in E-C translation407

9.7.2 Negative expressions rendered into affirmative expressions in E-C translation408

9.7.3 Affirmative expressions rendered into negative expressions in C-E translation408

9.7.4 Negative expressions rendered into affirmative expressions in C-E translation409

9.8 Active or Passive409

9.8.1 Passive English structure rendered into active Chinese structure411

9.8.2 Active English structure rendered into passive Chinese structure411

9.8.3 Active Chinese structure rendered into passive English structure412

PART FOUR413

Chapter 10 Theoretical Explorations413

10.1 Traditional Approach413

10.1.1 Historical background413

10.1.2 Some syntactic characteristics of traditional grammar416

10.2 The Structural Approach420

10.2.1 F.de Saussure420

10.2.2 American structuralism422

10.3 The Generative-transformational Approach428

10.3.1 The classical theory430

10.3.2 Standard theory437

10.3.3 Extended standard theory444

Conclusion457

Bibliography458